Preferences for professional versus informal care at end of life amongst African-American drug users with HIV/AIDS

With the advent of antiretroviral therapies, persons living with HIV/AIDS (PLHIVs) are living longer but with increased impairment and care needs. The purpose of this study was to assess whether a vulnerable population of PLHIVs preferred informal versus professional care when unable to care for themselves, and individual and support network factors associated with preference for informal care. The findings have potential implications for facilitating the population's informal care at end of life. Data were from the BEACON study, which examined social factors associated with health outcomes among former or current drug-using PLHIVs in Baltimore, MD. Structural equation modeling was used to identify individual and support network characteristics associated with PLHIVs' preference for informal (family or friends) compared to professional care. The structural equation model indicated preference for informal care was associated with female sex, greater informal care receipt, reporting one's main partner (i.e., boy/girlfriend or spouse) as the primary source of informal care, and a support network comprised greater numbers of female kin and persons supportive of the participant's HIV treatment adherence. Not asking for needed help to avoid owing favors was associated with preferring professional care. Findings suggest that interventions to promote informal end of life care should bolster supportive others' resources and skills for care provision and treatment adherence support, and should address perceived norms of reciprocity. Such intervention will help ensure community caregiving in a population with high needs for long-term care.     

An educational forum to engage infectious diseases and microbiology residents in resource stewardship modelled after the Choosing Wisely campaign

BACKGROUND:Rising costs present a major threat to the sustainability of health care delivery. Resource stewardship is increasingly becoming an expected competency of physicians. The Choosing Wisely framework was used to introduce resource stewardship at a national educational retreat for infectious disease and microbiology residents.METHODS:During the 2014 Annual Canadian Infectious Disease and Microbiology Resident Retreat in Toronto, Ontario, infectious disease (n=50) and microbiology (n=17) residents representing 11 Canadian universities from six provinces, were invited to participate in a modified Delphi panel. Participants were asked, in advance of the retreat, to submit up to five practices that infectious disease and microbiology specialists should not routinely perform due to lack of proven benefit(s) and/or potential harm to patients. Submissions were discussed in small and large group forums using an iterative approach involving electronic polling until consensus was reached for five practices. A finalized list was created for both educational purposes and for residents to consider enacting; however, it was not intended to replace formal society-endorsed statements. A follow-up survey at two-months was conducted.RESULTS:Consensus was reached by the residents regarding five low-value practices within the purview of infectious diseases and microbiology physicians. After the retreat, 20 participants (32%) completed the follow-up survey. The majority of respondents (75%) believed that the session was at least as relevant as other sessions they attended at the retreat, including 95% indicating that at least some of the material discussed was new to them. Since returning to their home institutions, nine (45%) respondents have incorporated what they learned into their daily practice; four (20%) reported that they have considered initiating a project related to the session; and one (5%) reported having initiated a project.CONCLUSIONS:The present educational forum demonstrated that trainees can become actively engaged in the identification and discussion of low-value practices. Embedding residence training programs with resource stewardship education will be necessary to improve the value of care offered by the future members of our profession.     

Event Documentation and Transfer of Care After Severe Contrast Reactions

PurposeRadiology residencies are increasingly using clinical simulation to teach contrast reaction management. The aim of this study was to evaluate resident documentation of management and transfer of care in severe contrast reactions after a clinical simulation.MethodsAfter a high-fidelity mannequin simulation of contrast-induced anaphylactic shock, residents (n = 18) were asked to document the event in a progress note and transfer care to a receiving medical team. A total of 22 prospectively determined criteria were selected, and notes were analyzed by a blinded reviewer.ResultsNotes contained between 12 and 21 of the prospectively determined 22 criteria (54%-95%). The median number of criteria contained in a note was 16. None of the notes fulfilled all 22 criteria. However, consistent deficiencies were found in documenting prior reaction to contrast (28%) and transfer-of-care criteria (22%-44%).ConclusionsAlthough standards for the documentation of advanced cardiovascular life support codes and other emergencies have been devised, no such standards exist for documentation in the management of contrast reactions. The results of this study suggest the need to develop a standardized documentation system for severe contrast-induced reactions. Education regarding transfer of care and documentation should be emphasized during clinical simulation.     

浅析持续改进120院前急救工作

医疗急救水平是衡量城市现代化程度、社会发展的重要标志之一，本文通过分析目前红河州120在院前急救中的存在问题，提出了应对措施，为进一步提高本地区120院前急救工作效率，提供了一定的依据。     

Bringing Patient-Centered Outcomes Research to Life

A substantial gap exists between medical evidence that is known and medical evidence that is put into practice. Although the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) has a long history of developing the content of evidence, the agency now pivots to close that gap by focusing on evidence dissemination and implementation. Achieving better health outcomes requires both the generation of new patient-centered outcomes research (PCOR) knowledge and the appropriate and timely implementation of that knowledge into practice. The Affordable Care Act provided funds to support both types of PCOR efforts, with AHRQ building on years of experience to advance research dissemination and implementation. This article describes the work the AHRQ has done, is doing, and will do in the future. To communicate PCOR evidence findings, AHRQ is currently synthesizing research findings into convincing collections of evidence that can be best taken up by clinicians, patients and caregivers, and policymakers. The future direction for AHRQ is to improve the context for evidence and practice improvement, thereby creating an environment receptive to PCOR. Toward this goal, AHRQ is actively engaging partners, such as professional societies and insurers, to make evidence central to decision making. In addition, AHRQ recently launched two programs that seek to both understand and encourage the use of evidence in clinical practice. Throughout these efforts, AHRQ will continually assess needs and adapt initiatives to ensure that PCOR translates into improved patient-centered health outcomes.     

快速康复护理在结肠癌病人围术期护理中的应用对预后的影响

[目的]探讨快速康复护理在结肠癌病人围术期护理中的应用对预后的影响。[方法]40例围术期结肠癌病人分为观察组和对照组各20例，对照组实施常规围术期护理，观察组实施快速康复护理。[结果]术后在初排便和初排气时间以及术后住院时间等指标方面，观察组均显著优于对照组(P<0.05)，且两组并发症发生率差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。[结论]在结肠癌病人围术期护理过程中实施快速康复护理可以显著改善病人的预后，效果确切。     

综合ICU导尿管相关性尿路感染目标性监测数据分析与探讨

目的分析重症监护病房（ICU）导尿管相关性尿路感染目标性监测数据,探讨ICU导尿管相关性尿路感染现状,分析发展趋势,为制订干预措施提供参考。同时,分析现行的导尿管相关性尿路感染（CAUTIs）诊断标准对ICU患者的临床适用性。方法 2012年9月~2013年8月所有收住ICU〉48h的留置导尿患者,进行导尿管相关性尿路感染目标性监测,收集临床资料,计算导尿管使用率及导管相关性感染发病率。结果 2012年9月~2013年8月综合ICU共收住患者357例,留置导尿患者336例;留置时间最长172d,最短2d;共留取386份尿培养标本,细菌培养结果阳性10份,阳性率2.59%;总住院天数2 969d,总留置导尿管日数2 831d,尿道插管使用率95.35%,千日感染率0.353%。结论尿培养结果阳性率与留置导尿管时间长短无相关性;重症监护病房导尿管相关性尿路感染目标性监测有助于规范医疗护理行为,按标准要求进行操作与护理,但使用目前推行的导尿管相关性尿路感染诊断标准（以生物学检查结果为准）会降低感染病例的诊断率,对重症监护病房患者的临床适用性有待进一步考量和验证。     

侧卧牵引位行肩关节镜手术患者的体位护理

目的 探讨侧卧牵引位行肩关节镜手术患者术中因特殊体位所出现的护理问题及相应的护理措施，探讨解决侧卧牵引位在全身麻醉下可能出现的问题及解决方法。方法 回顾性分析54例侧卧牵引位行肩关节镜手术患者在摆放体位中可能出现的护理问题，加强护理干预。结果 无一例患者术后出现因体位摆放出现的手术并发症。结论 术前的充分准备，术中仔细配合，加强护理干预，能有效避免侧卧牵引位体位摆放出现的手术并发症，提高病人的满意度。